Abstract Summary

Objective: This study explores the effects of the ketogenic (keto) diet on weight loss, blood sugar regulation, and cardiovascular health. It aims to assess the benefits and risks associated with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet in individuals with various health conditions.

Context: The ketogenic diet, originally designed to treat epilepsy, has gained widespread popularity for its weight loss benefits and potential impact on managing conditions like type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. However, its long-term effects and risks remain debated.

Methods Used

Approach: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 120 participants aged 18-55, including both overweight individuals and those with type 2 diabetes. The participants were assigned to either a ketogenic diet group (high-fat, low-carb) or a standard balanced diet group for a period of 12 months. The study focused on evaluating the impact of these diets on body composition, blood sugar control, and lipid profiles.

Data Collection: Primary outcomes included weight loss (measured via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), HbA1c levels (a marker for long-term blood sugar control), and total cholesterol levels. Secondary outcomes included changes in fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, and the participants' self-reported adherence to the diet. Data was collected at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months.

Researchers' Summary of Findings

Impact on Health: The ketogenic diet group experienced significant weight loss (average of 12% body weight reduction) and improved blood sugar control (average HbA1c reduction of 1.2%) compared to the balanced diet group. However, the ketogenic group also exhibited higher levels of LDL cholesterol (average increase of 18%) and triglycerides (increase of 20%). Additionally, some participants in the ketogenic group reported symptoms such as fatigue, constipation, and headaches, particularly in the first few weeks of the diet.

Health Implications: While the ketogenic diet may support short-term weight loss and improve blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes, it may also lead to undesirable cardiovascular effects, such as elevated cholesterol levels. The results suggest that individuals should carefully monitor their health markers while following this diet, particularly those at risk for cardiovascular disease.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.106457